Umthi wendalo kunye nentsimbi ziye zaba zizinto zokwakha ezibalulekileyo kubantu kangangamawaka eminyaka.Iipholima zokwenziwa esizibiza ngokuba ziiplastiki ziyinto eqanjiweyo yakutshanje eyaqhushumba kwinkulungwane yama-20.
Zombini isinyithi kunye neeplastiki zineempawu ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nezorhwebo. Iintsimbi zinamandla, ziqinile, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nomoya, amanzi, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo oluqhubekayo.Nangona kunjalo, zifuna izibonelelo ezingaphezulu (oku kuthetha ukuba kuyabiza) ukuvelisa kunye nokucokisa iimveliso zabo.Iplastiki ibonelela ngemisebenzi yesinyithi ngelixa ifuna ubunzima obuncinci kwaye iphantsi kakhulu ukuvelisa.Iipropati zabo zingenziwa ngokwezifiso malunga naluphi na ukusetyenziswa.Nangona kunjalo, iiplastiki ezishibhile ezithengiswayo zenza izinto ezoyikekayo zesakhiwo: izixhobo zeplastiki azikho into enhle, kwaye akukho mntu ufuna ukuhlala kwindlu yeplastiki.Ukwengeza, bahlala behlanjululwa kumafutha e-fossil.
Kwezinye izicelo, iinkuni zendalo zinokukhuphisana ngesinyithi kunye neeplastiki.Amakhaya amaninzi osapho akhiwe phezu kweplanga.Ingxaki kukuba umthi wendalo uthambile kakhulu kwaye wonakaliswa lula ngamanzi ukuze utshintshe iplastiki kunye nentsimbi amaxesha amaninzi.Iphepha lakutshanje. epapashwe kwiphephancwadi I-Matter iphonononga ukudalwa kwezinto zokhuni ezilukhuni ezoyisa le mida.Olu phando lwafikelela kuvuthondaba ekudalweni kweemela zokhuni kunye nezikhonkwane.Ilungile kangakanani imela yomthi kwaye uya kuyisebenzisa naliphi na ixesha kungekudala?
Ulwakhiwo lwe-fibrous yomthi lubandakanya malunga ne-50% yeselulosi, i-polymer yendalo kunye nezixhobo zokomelela kakuhle. amandla, i-hemicellulose inesakhiwo esincinci esihambelanayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela igalelo kwanto kumandla omthi.I-Lignin igcwalisa i-voids phakathi kwemicu ye-cellulose kwaye yenza imisebenzi eluncedo kwi-wood. umqobo.
Kule sifundo, ukhuni lwendalo lwenziwa lukhuni oluqinileyo (HW) ngamanyathelo amane.Okokuqala, umthi ubilisiwe kwi-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium sulfate ukususa enye ye-hemicellulose kunye ne-lignin.Emva kolu nyango lwemichiza, ukhuni luba lukhuni ngokucinezela. Kumatshini wokushicilela iiyure ezininzi kwiqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo. Oku kunciphisa izithuba zendalo okanye i-pores emthini kwaye kwandisa ukudibanisa kweekhemikhali phakathi kwemicu ye-cellulose ekufutshane. iiyure ukugqiba ukuxinana, kwaye emva koko zomiswe.Ekugqibeleni, iinkuni zintywiliselwa kwioli yezimbiwa iiyure ezingama-48 ukwenza imveliso egqityiweyo ingangeni manzi.
Ipropathi enye yomatshini wezinto ezicwangcisiweyo yi-indentation hardness, engumlinganiselo wokukwazi ukuxhathisa i-deformation xa icinezelwe ngamandla.I-diamond inzima kunentsimbi, inzima kunegolide, inzima kunemithi, kwaye inzima ngaphezu kokupakisha i-foam.Phakathi kobunjineli abaninzi iimvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela ubulukhuni, njengobulukhuni be-Mohs obusetyenziswe kwi-gemology, uvavanyo lwe-Brinell lungomnye wabo.Ingcamango yayo ilula: intsimbi ekhuni ithwele ibhola icinezelwe kwindawo yokuvavanya ngamandla athile.Linganisa ububanzi besetyhula. ukuhlenga-hlengiswa okwenziwe yibhola.Ixabiso lobulukhuni beBrinell libalwa kusetyenziswa ifomyula yemathematika;ngokurhabaxayo, okukhona umngxuma ibhola ibetha, kokukhona uthambile izinto eziphathekayo.Kolu vavanyo, i-HW ilukhuni ngamaxesha angama-23 kunomthi wendalo.
Uninzi lweenkuni zendalo ezingaphathwanga ziya kutsala amanzi.Oku kunokwandisa umthi kwaye ekugqibeleni kutshabalalise iimpawu zayo zesakhiwo. Uvavanyo lwe-hydrophobicity lubandakanya ukubeka ithontsi lamanzi phezu komhlaba.I-hydrophobic ngaphezulu umphezulu, kokukhona amathontsi amanzi eba singqukuva.Umphezulu we-hydrophilic ("uthanda amanzi"), kwelinye icala, usasaza amathontsi mcaba (kwaye emva koko ithatha amanzi ngokulula) .Ngoko ke, ukucwiliswa kwamaminerali akugcini nje ukwandisa i-hydrophobicity ye-HW, kodwa kuthintela ukhuni ukuba lubambe umswakama.
Kwezinye iimvavanyo zobunjineli, iimela ze-HW zenza ngcono kancinane kuneemela zentsimbi.Ababhali babanga ukuba imela ye-HW ibukhali ngokuphindwe kathathu njengemela ekhoyo ethengiswayo.Nangona kunjalo, kukho i-caveat kwesi siphumo esinomdla.Abaphandi bathelekisa iimela zetafile, okanye into esinokuyibiza ngokuba ziimela zebhotolo. Ezi azenzelwanga ukuba zibe bukhali ngokukodwa. imela ye-steak ingasebenza ngcono kakhulu.
Kuthekani ngezikhonkwane?Isikhonkwane esinye se-HW sinokubethelwa ngokulula kwisipaki seeplanga ezintathu, nangona singenankcukacha njengoko silula xa sithelekisa nezikhonkwane zentsimbi. bahlukana, malunga nokuqina okufanayo njengezikhonkwane zentsimbi. Kwiimvavanyo zabo, nangona kunjalo, iibhodi kuzo zombini iimeko ziye zasilela ngaphambi kokuba isikhonkwane siphumelele, ngoko izikhonkwane ezomeleleyo azizange zivele.
Ingaba izikhonkwane ze-HW zingcono ngezinye iindlela?Izikhonkwane zomthi zikhaphukhaphu, kodwa ubunzima besakhiwo abuqhutywa ikakhulu bubunzima bezikhonkwane ezibubambayo kunye.Izikhonkwane zomthi aziyi kugqwala.Nangona kunjalo, ayizukwazi ukumelana namanzi okanye amanzi. biodecompose.
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba umbhali uphuhlise inkqubo yokwenza iinkuni ezomeleleyo kunemithi yendalo.Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwehardware kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi othile kufuna ukuqhubela phambili isifundo.Ingaba ingabizixabiso eliphantsi kunye nezixhobo ezingenamsebenzi njengeplastiki?Ngaba inokukhuphisana namandla anamandla njengeplastiki? , izinto ezinomtsalane ngakumbi, ezingenakuphinda zisebenziseke kwakhona?Uphando lwabo luphakamisa imibuzo enomdla.Ubunjineli obuqhubekayo (kwaye ekugqibeleni imarike) iya kuziphendula.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-13-2022
