Umthi wendalo kunye nentsimbi ziye zaba zizinto zokwakha ezibalulekileyo kubantu kangangamawaka eminyaka.Iipholima zokwenziwa esizibiza ngokuba ziiplastiki ziyinto eqanjiweyo yakutshanje eyaqhushumba kwinkulungwane yama-20.
Zombini iintsimbi kunye neeplastiki zineempawu ezilungele ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nezorhwebo. Iintsimbi zinamandla, ziqinile, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nomoya, amanzi, ubushushu, kunye noxinzelelo oluqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, zifuna izibonelelo ezingaphezulu (oku kuthetha ukuba zibiza kakhulu) ukuvelisa nokuphucula iimveliso zabo. Iplastiki ibonelela ngeminye yemisebenzi yentsimbi ngelixa ifuna ubunzima obuncinci kwaye ixabisa kakhulu ukuba isebenzise nayiphi na impahla yeplastiki enokuthi isetyenziswe ngexabiso eliphantsi. izinto zokwakha ezoyikekayo: izixhobo zeplastiki aziyonto ilungileyo, kwaye akukho mntu ufuna ukuhlala kwindlu yeplastiki.
Kwezinye izicelo, iinkuni zendalo zinokukhuphisana ngesinyithi kunye neeplastiki.Amakhaya amaninzi osapho akhiwe phezu kweplanga lomthi.Ingxaki kukuba iinkuni zendalo zithambile kakhulu kwaye zonakaliswe lula ngamanzi ukuze zithathe indawo yeplastiki kunye nentsimbi amaxesha amaninzi.Iphepha lakutshanje elipapashwe kwiphephancwadi iMatter liphonononga ukudalwa kwezinto zokhuni eziqinileyo ezoyisa ezi mida.Olu phando lwafikelela kuvuthondaba ekudalweni kweemela zeplanga kunye nezikhonkwane zomthi ngokukhawuleza ziya kusebenzisa iimela kunye nezikhonkwane.
Ulwakhiwo oluneentsinga zokhuni luqulathe malunga ne-50% cellulose, i-polymer yendalo kunye neempawu zokomelela kakuhle ngokwethiyori.Isiqingatha esiseleyo sesakhiwo somthi ikakhulu lignin kunye ne-hemicellulose.Ngelixa iifom zeselulosi zinde, iintsinga ezinzima ezibonelela ngamaplanga ngomqolo wamandla ayo endalo, i-hemicellulose inesakhiwo esincinci esihambelanayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela igalela nantoni na kwi-cellulose yeplanga kunye ne-volumes. Imisebenzi eluncedo kwimithi ephilayo. Kodwa ngeenjongo zabantu zokuhlanganisa amaplanga kunye nokubopha imicu yecellulose ngokuqina kunye, i-lignin yaba ngumqobo.
Kolu phando, iinkuni zendalo zenziwa zibe ngumthi oqinileyo (HW) ngamanyathelo amane.Okokuqala, iinkuni zibiliswa kwi-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium sulfate ukususa ezinye ze-hemicellulose kunye ne-lignin.Emva kolu nyango lwekhemikhali, ukhuni luba lukhuni ngokucinezela kwi-press iiyure eziliqela kwiqondo lokushisa.Oku kunciphisa izithuba zendalo okanye iipores phakathi kwe-cellulose ye-michiza kunye nokuphucula i-cellulose ye-fiber. umthi uxinzelelwe kwi-105 ° C (221 ° F) kwiiyure ezimbalwa ngakumbi ukugqiba ukuxinana, kwaye emva koko womiswe.Ekugqibeleni, iinkuni zintywiliselwa kwioli yezimbiwa iiyure ezingama-48 ukwenza imveliso egqityiweyo ingangeni manzi.
Ipropathi enye yomatshini wezinto ezisisiseko bubunzima be-indentation, obungumlinganiselo wokukwazi ukuxhathisa i-deformation xa icinezelwe ngamandla.I-diamond inzima kunentsimbi, inzima kunegolide, inzima kunemithi, kwaye inzima ngaphezu kokupakisha i-foam.Phakathi kweemvavanyo ezininzi zobunjineli ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ubunzima, njengobulukhuni be-Mohs obusetyenziswa kwi-gemology, enye i-ball ye-bearing ingqikelelo yentsimbi: i-Ball bearing i-metal. icinezelwe kumphezulu wovavanyo ngamandla athile.Linganisa i-diameter ye-indentation yesetyhula eyenziwe yibhola.Ixabiso lobulukhuni beBrinell libalwa kusetyenziswa ifomula yemathematika; ngokurhabaxayo, okukhona umngxuma ibhola ibetha, kokukhona uthambile izinto eziphathekayo.Kolu vavanyo, i-HW ilukhuni ngamaxesha angama-23 kunomthi wendalo.
Uninzi lwemithi yendalo engenakunyangwa iya kubamba amanzi.Oku kunokwandisa umthi kwaye ekugqibeleni kutshabalalise iimpawu zayo zesakhiwo. ("amanzi-othanda") umgangatho, ngakolunye uhlangothi, usasaza amaconsi e-flat (kwaye emva koko athatha amanzi ngokulula) .Ngoko ke, ukuxutywa kwamaminerali akugcini nje ukwandisa i-hydrophobicity ye-HW, kodwa kuthintela ukhuni ukuba lubambe umswakama.
Kwezinye iimvavanyo zobunjineli, iimela ze-HW zenza ngcono kancinci kuneemela zentsimbi.Ababhali babanga ukuba imela ye-HW ibukhali ngokuphindwe kathathu njengemela ekhoyo ngokurhweba.Nangona kunjalo, kukho i-caveat kwesi siphumo esinomdla.Abaphandi bathelekisa iimela zetafile, okanye into esinokuyibiza ngokuba ziimela zebhotolo.Ezi azenzelwanga ukuba zibe bukhali ngokuphindwe kathathu umntu omdala. mhlawumbi usike i-steak efanayo ngecala elibuthuntu lefolokhwe yentsimbi, kwaye imela ye-steak ingasebenza ngcono kakhulu.
Kuthiwani ngezikhonkwane?Isikhonkwane esinye se-HW sinokubethelwa ngokulula kwisipaki seeplanga ezintathu, nangona singenankcukacha njengoko kulula ukuthelekisa nezikhonkwane zentsimbi.Izikhonkwane zokhuni zinokubamba iiplanga kunye, zixhathise amandla ezaziza kuzikrazula, malunga nobunzima obufanayo njengezikhonkwane zentsimbi.
Ngaba izikhonkwane ze-HW zingcono ngezinye iindlela?Izikhonkwane zomthi zikhaphukhaphu, kodwa ubunzima besakhiwo abuqhutywa ngokuyintloko bubunzima bezikhonkwane ezibubambayo kunye.Izikhonkwane zomthi aziyi kugqwala.Nangona kunjalo, aziyi kukwazi ukumelana namanzi okanye ukubola.
Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba umbhali uphuhlise inkqubo yokwenza iinkuni zomelele kunomthi wendalo.Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-hardware kuwo nawuphi na umsebenzi othile kufuna ukuqhubela phambili isifundo.Ingaba ingabizixabiso eliphantsi kunye nezixhobo ezingenamsebenzi njengeplastiki?Ngaba inokukhuphisana nezinto zetsimbi ezinamandla, ezithandekayo, ezingenasiphelo?Uphando lwabo luphakamisa imibuzo enomdla.Ubunjineli obuqhubekayo (kwaye ekugqibeleni imarike) iya kubaphendula.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-13-2022
