Kwikota ephelileyo, uMphathiswa wezoRhwebo, ngokubambisana noLawulo oluPhezulu lwezeRhafu, ukhuphe isibhengezo esidibeneyo sokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nomdla ngelixa ezalisekisa uxanduva lwamazwe ngamazwe lokungasasazeki. Ngokuvunywa yiBhunga leSizwe, amanyathelo angqongqo okulawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe abekwe kwizixhobo ezinxulumene ne-tungsten, i-tellurium, i-bismuth, i-molybdenum, kunye ne-indium. Ngokukodwa, izixhobo ezinxulumene ne-tungsten ezilawulwayo ziquka i-ammonium paratungstate, ii-tungsten oxides, ii-tungsten carbides ezithile ezingalawulwayo, iintlobo ezithile ze-tungsten eqinileyo (ngaphandle kwee-granules okanye ii-powders), ii-alloys ezithile ze-tungsten-nickel-iron okanye i-tungsten-nickel-copper, kunye nedatha kunye nobuchwepheshe obufunekayo ukuvelisa izinto phantsi kweekhowudi ezithile (1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d). Bonke abaqhubi abathumela ezi zixhobo kwamanye amazwe kufuneka bathobele uMthetho woLawulo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe weRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina kunye neMimiselo yoLawulo lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini, bafake izicelo kwaye bafumane iimvume zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kwiigunya zorhwebo ezifanelekileyo zeBhunga leSizwe. Esi sibhengezo siqala ukusebenza ngoko nangoko kwaye sihlaziya uLuhlu loLawulo loThumelo lweeMveliso zeRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina.
I. Izinto ezinxulumene neTungsten
- 1C117.d. Izixhobo ezinxulumene neTungsten:
- I-Ammonium paratungstate (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2841801000);
- Ii-oxide zeTungsten (iikhowudi zeHS: 2825901200, 2825901910, 2825901920);
- Iikhabhayithi zeTungsten azilawulwa phantsi kwe-1C226 (iKhowudi yeHS: 2849902000).
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- 1C117.c. I-Solid Tungsten enazo zonke ezi mpawu zilandelayo:
- I-tungsten eqinileyo (ngaphandle kwee-granules okanye ii-powders) kunye nayo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:
- Ii-alloys ze-tungsten okanye ze-tungsten ezinomxholo we-tungsten ≥97% ngokobunzima, ezingalawulwa phantsi kwe-1C226 okanye i-1C241 (iikhowudi ze-HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Iialloy zeTungsten-copper ezinomxholo weTungsten ≥80% ngokobunzima (Iikhowudi zeHS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Iialloy zeTungsten-silver ezinomxholo weTungsten ≥80% kunye nomxholo wesilivere ≥2% ngokobunzima (Iikhowudi zeHS: 7106919001, 7106929001);
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- Iyakwazi ukudityaniswa nayo nayiphi na kwezi zilandelayo:
- Iisilinda ezinobubanzi obuyi-≥120 mm kunye nobude obuyi-≥50 mm;
- Iityhubhu ezinobubanzi obungaphakathi obuyi-≥65 mm, ubukhulu bodonga obuyi-≥25 mm, kunye nobude obuyi-≥50 mm;
- Iibhloko ezinobukhulu obuyi-≥120 mm × 120 mm × 50 mm.
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- 1C004. Ii-Alloys zeTungsten-Nickel-Iron okanye zeTungsten-Nickel-Copper ezineempawu ezilandelayo:
- Ubuninzi >17.5 g/cm³;
- Amandla okuvelisa >800 MPa;
- Amandla okutsalwa kokugqibela >1270 MPa;
- Ukwandiswa >8% (Iikhowudi ze-HS: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001).
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- 1E004, 1E101.b. Ubuchwephesha kunye neDatha yokuvelisa izinto phantsi kwe-1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d (kubandakanya iinkcukacha zenkqubo, iiparameter, kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini).
II. Izinto Ezinxulumene neTellurium
- 6C002.a. I-Metallic Tellurium (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2804500001).
- 6C002.b. Iimveliso zeTellurium Compound eziSingle okanye eziPolycrystalline (kuquka ii-substrates okanye ii-epitaxial wafers):
- I-Cadmium telluride (Iikhowudi ze-HS: 2842902000, 3818009021);
- I-Cadmium zinc telluride (Iikhowudi ze-HS: 2842909025, 3818009021);
- I-Mercury cadmium telluride (Iikhowudi ze-HS: 2852100010, 3818009021).
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- 6E002. Ubuchwepheshe kunye neDatha yokuvelisa izinto eziphantsi kwe-6C002 (kuquka iinkcukacha zenkqubo, iiparameter, kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini).
III. Izinto Ezinxulumene neBismuth
- 6C001.a. I-Metallic Bismuth kunye neeMveliso azilawulwa phantsi kwe-1C229, kuquka kodwa kungaphelelanga apho ii-ingots, iibhloko, ii-beads, ii-granules, kunye nee-powders (Iikhowudi ze-HS: 8106101091, 8106101092, 8106101099, 8106109090, 8106901019, 8106901029, 8106901099, 8106909090).
- 6C001.b. I-Bismuth Germanate (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2841900041).
- 6C001.c. I-Triphenylbismuth (iKhowudi ye-HS: 2931900032).
- 6C001.d. I-Tris(p-ethoxyphenyl)bismuth (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2931900032).
- 6E001. Ubuchwepheshe kunye neDatha yokuvelisa izinto eziphantsi kwe-6C001 (kuquka iinkcukacha zenkqubo, iiparameter, kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini).
IV. Izinto Ezinxulumene neMolybdenum
- 1C117.b. Umgubo weMolybdenum: Iinxalenye zeMolybdenum kunye ne-alloy ezinomthamo weMolybdenum ≥97% ngokobunzima kunye nobukhulu beenxalenye ≤50×10⁻⁶ m (50 μm), ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo ze-missile (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 8102100001).
- 1E101.b. Ubuchwephesha kunye neDatha yokuvelisa izinto phantsi kwe-1C117.b (kuquka iinkcukacha zenkqubo, iiparameter, kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini).
Izinto ezinxulumene ne-Indium
- 3C004.a. Indium Phosphide (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2853904051).
- 3C004.b. I-Trimethylindium (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2931900032).
- 3C004.c. I-Triethylindium (Ikhowudi ye-HS: 2931900032).
- 3E004. Ubuchwepheshe kunye neDatha yokuvelisa izinto phantsi kwe-3C004 (kuquka iinkcukacha zenkqubo, iiparameter, kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini).
Ulawulo lokuthunyelwa kweTungsten ngaphandle alulonto ipheleleyo
Ulawulo lokuthunyelwa kwe-tungsten ngaphandle aluthethi ukuba kukho uthintelo olupheleleyo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle kodwa lubandakanya amanyathelo olawulo oluqhelekileyo lwezinto ezithile ezinxulumene ne-tungsten. Abathumeli bezi zinto ngaphandle kufuneka bafake izicelo zeemvume ezivela kumagunya orhwebo afanelekileyo eBhunga leSizwe ngokuhambelana noMthetho woLawulo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle kunye neMimiselo yoLawulo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini. Ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle kuvunyelwe kuphela xa kuthotyelwa umthetho kwaye kuvunyiwe.
Impembelelo enokubakho kwiMarike yasekhaya
Ngokwedatha evela kwiTungsten-Molybdenum Cloud Commerce Platform, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-ammonium paratungstate (APT), i-tungsten trioxide, kunye ne-tungsten carbide zenza isabelo esibalulekileyo sokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tungsten iyonke:
- Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-APT ngo-2023 nango-2024 bekumalunga neetoni ezingama-803 kunye neetoni ezingama-782, ngokwahlukeneyo, nganye ibandakanya malunga ne-4% yexabiso lilonke leemveliso ze-tungsten ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
- Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tungsten trioxide bekumalunga neetoni ezingama-2,699 ngo-2023 kunye neetoni ezingama-3,190 ngo-2024, okunyuka ukusuka kwi-14% ukuya kwi-17% yezo zizonke ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
- Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwe-tungsten carbide bekumalunga neetoni eziyi-4,433 ngo-2023 kunye neetoni eziyi-4,147 ngo-2024, nto leyo egcina isabelo esimalunga ne-22%.
Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-tungsten kuya kubangela ukuba ezi zinto zibekwe esweni ngokungqongqo kunye neenkqubo zokuvunywa, okunokuchaphazela imisebenzi yabanye abathumeli ngaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yesabelo esincinci sezi zinto zilawulwayo kwiimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ze-tungsten iyonke, impembelelo iyonke kwimarike yasekhaya ye-tungsten kunye neendlela zamaxabiso kulindeleke ukuba ibe ncinci. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo unokukhuthaza amashishini ukuba agxile kubuchule bobuchwepheshe kunye nomgangatho wemveliso ukuze ahlangabezane ngcono neemfuno zemarike yasekhaya neyehlabathi.
Ukubaluleka kweTungsten ngokweqhinga
Indawo yokunyibilika ephezulu yeTungsten, ubulukhuni, ukuhanjiswa kwamandla, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwenza ukuba ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kumashishini ehlabathi. Kwimveliso yentsimbi, i-tungsten yonyusa amandla, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka, esetyenziswa kakhulu koomatshini nakwakhiweni. Kwizinto ze-elektroniki, sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiinxalenye, iileya zesekethe ezidibeneyo, kunye neefilaments zemveli. Kwi-aerospace, ii-alloys ze-tungsten zibalulekile kwiibhloko zeenjini kunye nee-nozzles zerokhethi, zixhasa ukuphononongwa kwendawo. Ngomkhosi, ii-alloys ze-tungsten zibalulekile kwiiprojektha ezigqobhoza izixhobo, iinxalenye ze-missile, kunye ne-armor, zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla okhuselo lwesizwe. Ukuqinisekisa ukunikezelwa kwe-tungsten yasekhaya okuzinzileyo kubalulekile kukhuseleko lwesizwe.
Iimpembelelo zexesha elifutshane nelide
Kwixesha elifutshane, ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle luya kunciphisa ukunikezelwa kwe-tungsten eTshayina kwiimarike zehlabathi, okunokuphazamisa ukulingana kwexesha elide kokunikezelwa kwempahla kunye nemfuno kwaye kunyuse amaxabiso e-tungsten kumazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yemfuno eqinileyo esezantsi. Kwixesha elide, olu lawulo luya kukhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso, lukhuthaze utyalo-mali lwe-R&D, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nophuhliso lweemveliso ezinexabiso eliphezulu ukuphucula impembelelo yeTshayina kushishino lwe-tungsten.
Izibalo zeTungsten zehlabathi
Ngokutsho kwe-USGS, iindawo zokugcina i-tungsten kwihlabathi liphela ngo-2023 bezimalunga ne-4.4 yezigidi zeetoni, zinyuke nge-15.79% unyaka nonyaka, apho iTshayina ibalwa ngama-52.27% (iitoni ezizigidi ezi-2.3). Imveliso ye-tungsten kwihlabathi liphela ibiziitoni ezingama-78,000, ihle nge-2.26%, apho iTshayina inegalelo lama-80.77% (iitoni ezingama-63,000). Idatha yezemali yaseTshayina ibonisa ukuthunyelwa kwe-tungsten ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya i-tungsten ores, i-tungstic acid, i-tungsten trioxide, i-tungsten carbides, kunye neemveliso ezahlukeneyo ze-tungsten. Ngowama-2024, iTshayina ithumele ngaphandle iitoni ezingama-782.41 ze-APT (phantsi nge-2.53%, i-4.06% yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle iyonke), iitoni ezingama-3,189.96 ze-tungsten trioxide (phezulu nge-18.19%, i-16.55% yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle iyonke), kunye neetoni ezingama-4,146.76 ze-tungsten carbide (phantsi nge-6.46%, i-21.52% yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle iyonke).
I-CHENGDU HUAXIN CEMENTED CARBIDE CO., LTD ngumthengisi ochwephesha kunye nomvelisi weemveliso ze-tungsten carbide, ezinje ngeemela zokufaka ii-carbide zokwenza umsebenzi wokhuni, iimela ezijikelezayo ze-carbide zokwenza iintambo zokucoca icuba kunye necuba, iimela ezijikelezileyo zokwenza iikhadibhodi ezicoliweyo, iiblade ezintathu ze-razor/iiblade ezinemingxuma yokupakishwa, iteyipu, ukusika ifilimu encinci, iiblade ze-fiber cutter zoshishino lwelaphu njl.njl.
Ngophuhliso lweminyaka engaphezu kwama-25, iimveliso zethu zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe e-US A, eRashiya, eMzantsi Melika, eIndiya, eTurkey, ePakistan, eOstreliya, eMzantsi-mpuma Asia njl. Ngomgangatho ogqwesileyo kunye namaxabiso akhuphisanayo, isimo sethu sengqondo sokusebenza nzima kunye nokuphendula kuyavunywa ngabathengi bethu. Kwaye singathanda ukuseka ubudlelwane obutsha beshishini nabathengi abatsha.
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Ixesha lokuthumela: Juni-04-2025
