I-Carbide lolona hlobo lusetyenziswa kakhulu lwezixhobo ze-machining ezikhawulezayo (HSM), eziveliswa ziinkqubo ze-powder metallurgy kwaye ziqulathe amasuntswana e-hard carbide (ngesiqhelo i-tungsten carbide WC) kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-metal bond ethambileyo. Okwangoku, kukho amakhulu ee-carbides ze-cemented ezisekelwe kwi-WC ezinee-compositions ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lwazo zisebenzisa i-cobalt (Co) njenge-binder, i-nickel (Ni) kunye ne-chromium (Cr) nazo zizinto ze-binder ezisetyenziswa rhoqo, kwaye ezinye zinokongezwa. Kutheni kukho amanqanaba amaninzi e-carbide? Abavelisi bezixhobo bazikhetha njani izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zomsebenzi othile wokusika? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, masiqale sijonge iipropati ezahlukeneyo ezenza i-carbide ye-cemented ibe zizixhobo ezifanelekileyo.
ubulukhuni kunye nokuqina
I-carbide eqinisiweyo ye-WC-Co ineengenelo ezikhethekileyo kubulukhuni kunye nokuqina. I-carbide ye-Tungsten (WC) iqinile kakhulu ngokwemvelo (ingaphezulu kwe-corundum okanye i-alumina), kwaye ubulukhuni bayo abunciphi kangako njengoko ubushushu bokusebenza bunyuka. Nangona kunjalo, ayinabo ubulukhuni obaneleyo, uphawu olubalulekileyo lwezixhobo zokusika. Ukuze basebenzise ubulukhuni obuphezulu be-carbide ye-tungsten kwaye baphucule ubulukhuni bayo, abantu basebenzisa iibhondi zesinyithi ukudibanisa i-carbide ye-tungsten kunye, ukuze le nto ibe nobulukhuni obudlula kakhulu obo bentsimbi ekhawulezayo, ngelixa ikwazi ukumelana nemisebenzi emininzi yokusika. Ukongeza, inokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu okusika abangelwa kukusebenza ngesantya esiphezulu.
Namhlanje, phantse zonke iimela ze-WC-Co kunye nee-inserts zigqunywe nge-coating, ngoko ke indima yezinto ezisisiseko ayibonakali ibaluleke kangako. Kodwa eneneni, yi-modulus ephezulu ye-elastic yezinto ze-WC-Co (umlinganiselo wokuqina, ophindwe kathathu kunentsimbi ekhawulezayo kubushushu begumbi) ebonelela nge-substrate engaguqukiyo ye-coating. I-matrix ye-WC-Co ikwabonelela ngokuqina okufunekayo. Ezi mpawu ziimpawu ezisisiseko zezinto ze-WC-Co, kodwa iimpawu zezinto zinokwenziwa ngokulungelelanisa ukwakheka kwezinto kunye ne-microstructure xa kuveliswa ii-carbide powders zesamente. Ke ngoko, ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwesixhobo kwi-machining ethile kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuqala yokugaya.
Inkqubo yokugaya
Umgubo we-tungsten carbide ufunyanwa ngomgubo we-tungsten (W) oxutywe ne-carburizing. Iimpawu zomgubo we-tungsten carbide (ingakumbi ubungakanani bawo) zixhomekeke kakhulu kubukhulu be-particle ye-tungsten powder yezinto eziluhlaza kunye nobushushu kunye nexesha le-carburization. Ulawulo lweekhemikhali nalo lubalulekile, kwaye umxholo we-carbon kufuneka ugcinwe ungaguquki (kufutshane nexabiso le-stoichiometric le-6.13% ngobunzima). Inani elincinci le-vanadium kunye/okanye i-chromium linokongezwa ngaphambi konyango lwe-carburizing ukuze kulawulwe ubungakanani be-particle ye-powder ngeenkqubo ezilandelayo. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo esezantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo kokucubungula kufuna indibaniselwano ethile yobukhulu be-particle ye-tungsten carbide, umxholo we-carbon, umxholo we-vanadium kunye nomxholo we-chromium, apho iintlobo ngeentlobo ze-tungsten carbide powders ezahlukeneyo zinokuveliswa khona. Umzekelo, i-ATI Alldyne, umenzi wempuphu ye-tungsten carbide, ivelisa amanqanaba angama-23 empuphu ye-tungsten carbide, kwaye iintlobo zempuphu ye-tungsten carbide ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokweemfuno zomsebenzisi zinokufikelela ngaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezi-5 kuneemigangatho esemgangathweni yempuphu ye-tungsten carbide.
Xa kuhlanganiswa kwaye kugaywa umgubo we-tungsten carbide kunye ne-metal bond ukuze kuveliswe uhlobo oluthile lomgubo we-carbide oqinisiweyo, kungasetyenziswa imixube eyahlukeneyo. Umxholo we-cobalt osetyenziswa kakhulu yi-3% - 25% (umlinganiselo wobunzima), kwaye kwimeko apho kufuneka kuphuculwe ukumelana nokugqwala kwesixhobo, kuyimfuneko ukongeza i-nickel kunye ne-chromium. Ukongeza, i-metal bond ingaphuculwa ngakumbi ngokongeza ezinye izinto ze-alloy. Umzekelo, ukongeza i-ruthenium kwi-WC-Co cemented carbide kunokuphucula kakhulu ukuqina kwayo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuqina kwayo. Ukwandisa umxholo we-binder kunokuphucula ukuqina kwe-carbide eqinisiweyo, kodwa kuya kunciphisa ukuqina kwayo.
Ukunciphisa ubungakanani bee-tungsten carbide particles kunokunyusa ubulukhuni bezinto, kodwa ubukhulu bee-particle ze-tungsten carbide kufuneka zihlale zifana ngexesha lenkqubo yokusila. Ngexesha lokusila, ii-tungsten carbide particles ziyadibana kwaye zikhule ngenkqubo yokunyibilika kunye nokuphindaphinda. Kwinkqubo yokusila yokwenyani, ukuze kwenziwe izinto ezixineneyo ngokupheleleyo, i-metal bond iba lulwelo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-liquid phase sintering). Izinga lokukhula kwee-tungsten carbide particles linokulawulwa ngokongeza ezinye ii-transition metal carbides, kubandakanya i-vanadium carbide (VC), i-chromium carbide (Cr3C2), i-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), kunye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Ezi carbides zesinyithi zihlala zongezwa xa i-tungsten carbide powder ixutywe kwaye igutywa nge-metal bond, nangona i-vanadium carbide kunye ne-chromium carbide nazo zinokwenziwa xa i-tungsten carbide powder igutywa.
Umgubo we-tungsten carbide ungaveliswa ngokusebenzisa izinto ze-carbide ezisetyenzisiweyo ezifakwe isamente. Ukuphinda kusetyenziswe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-carbide eseleyo kunembali ende kwishishini le-carbide efakwe isamente kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yochungechunge lonke lwezoqoqosho lweshishini, inceda ekunciphiseni iindleko zezinto, ukonga izixhobo zendalo kunye nokuphepha inkunkuma. Ukulahlwa okuyingozi. I-carbide efakwe isamente eseleyo ngokubanzi inokusetyenziswa kwakhona ngenkqubo ye-APT (ammonium paratungstate), inkqubo yokubuyisela i-zinc okanye ngokutyumza. Ezi powders ze-tungsten carbide "ezisetyenzisiweyo" ngokubanzi zinoxinano olungcono nolunokuqikelelwa kuba zinendawo encinci kune-tungsten carbide powders ezenziwe ngokuthe ngqo ngenkqubo ye-tungsten carburizing.
Iimeko zokucubungula umxube wokugaya i-tungsten carbide powder kunye ne-metal bond nazo zizinto ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo. Iindlela ezimbini ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokugaya yi-ball milling kunye ne-micromilling. Zombini ezi nkqubo zivumela ukuxubana okufanayo kwe-milled powders kunye nobukhulu obuncitshisiweyo be-particle. Ukuze i-workpiece ecinezelwe kamva ibe namandla aneleyo, igcine imo ye-workpiece, kwaye ivumele umqhubi okanye i-manipulator ukuba ithathe i-workpiece ukuze isebenze, kudla ngokuba yimfuneko ukongeza i-organic binder ngexesha lokugaya. Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ze-bond kunokuchaphazela uxinano kunye namandla e-workpiece ecinezelweyo. Ukuze kube lula ukuphatha, kuyacetyiswa ukongeza i-high power binders, kodwa oku kubangela uxinano oluphantsi kwaye kunokuvelisa amaqhuma anokubangela iziphene kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Emva kokusila, umgubo udla ngokutshizwa ukuze kuveliswe ii-agglomerate ezihamba ngokukhululekileyo ezibanjwe zii-organic binders. Ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwe-organic binder, ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye noxinano lwetshaja lwale mi-agglomerate kunokulungiswa njengoko kufunwa. Ngokujonga amasuntswana aqinileyo okanye amancinci, ukusasazwa kobukhulu be-particle ye-agglomerate kunokulungiswa ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle xa kulayishwa kwindawo yokubumba.
Ukuveliswa kwezinto zokusebenza
Izinto zokusebenza zeCarbide zinokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bento yokusebenza, inqanaba lobunzima bemilo, kunye nebhetshi yemveliso, uninzi lwezinto ezifakwayo ezisikiweyo zibunjwa kusetyenziswa ii-rigid dies eziphezulu nezisezantsi. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambelana kobunzima bento yokusebenza kunye nobukhulu ngexesha lokucinezela ngakunye, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani bomgubo (ubunzima kunye nomthamo) ohamba ungene emngxunyeni bufana ncamashi. Ukunyibilika komgubo kulawulwa ikakhulu kukusasazwa kobungakanani bee-agglomerates kunye neempawu ze-organic binder. Izinto zokusebenza ezibunjiweyo (okanye "iiblanks") zenziwa ngokusebenzisa uxinzelelo lwe-molding lwe-10-80 ksi (iikhilogram zeekhilogram nge-square foot) kumgubo olayishwe emngxunyeni we-mold.
Nokuba phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lokubumba, amasuntswana e-tungsten carbide aqinileyo awayi kujika okanye aqhekeke, kodwa i-organic binder icinezelwa kwiindawo eziphakathi kwamasuntswana e-tungsten carbide, ngaloo ndlela ilungisa indawo yamasuntswana. Okukhona uxinzelelo luphezulu, kokukhona ukubopha kwamasuntswana e-tungsten carbide kuqina kwaye kokukhona uxinano olukhulu lokubumbana kwesixhobo somsebenzi. Iimpawu zokubumba zamasuntswana e-cemented carbide powder zinokwahluka, kuxhomekeke kumxholo we-metallic binder, ubungakanani kunye nokuma kwamasuntswana e-tungsten carbide, ubungakanani bokuhlangana, kunye nokwakheka kunye nokongezwa kwe-organic binder. Ukuze kubonelelwe ngolwazi oluninzi malunga neempawu zokubumba zamasuntswana e-cemented carbide powders, ubudlelwane phakathi koxinano lokubumba kunye noxinzelelo lokubumba budla ngokuyilwa kwaye kwakhiwe ngumvelisi we-powder. Olu lwazi luqinisekisa ukuba i-powder ebonelelwayo iyahambelana nenkqubo yokubumba yomenzi wesixhobo.
Ii-workpieces ze-carbide ezinkulu okanye ii-workpieces ze-carbide ezine-aspect ratios ephezulu (ezifana nee-shanks zee-end mills kunye nee-drill) zihlala zenziwe ngee-grades ezicinezelweyo ze-carbide powder kwingxowa eguquguqukayo. Nangona umjikelo wokuvelisa wendlela yokucinezela elinganiselayo inde kunendlela yokubumba, iindleko zokuvelisa zesixhobo ziphantsi, ngoko ke le ndlela ifanelekile ngakumbi kwimveliso encinci.
Le ndlela yenkqubo kukufaka umgubo ebhegini, uze uvale umlomo wengxowa, uze ufake ingxowa egcwele umgubo kwigumbi, uze ufake uxinzelelo lwe-30-60ksi ngesixhobo se-hydraulic ukuze ucinezele. Izixhobo zokusebenza ezicinezelweyo zihlala zicutshungulwa ngokwejiometri ethile ngaphambi kokuba zicutshungulwe. Ubungakanani bengxowa buyandiswa ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nokuncipha kwezixhobo zokusebenza ngexesha lokuxinana nokubonelela ngomda owaneleyo wokugaya. Ekubeni umsebenzi kufuneka ucutshungulwe emva kokucinezelwa, iimfuno zokuchaja azikho ngqongqo njengezo zendlela yokubumba, kodwa kusafuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba inani elifanayo lempuphu lifakwa ebhegini ngalo lonke ixesha. Ukuba ubuninzi bokutshaja bomgubo buncinci kakhulu, kunokukhokelela ekubeni umgubo unganeli ebhegini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umsebenzi ube mncinci kakhulu kwaye kufuneka ukhuhlwe. Ukuba ubuninzi bomthwalo womgubo buphezulu kakhulu, kwaye umgubo ofakwe ebhegini mkhulu kakhulu, umsebenzi kufuneka ucutshungulwe ukuze kususwe umgubo omninzi emva kokuba ucinezelwe. Nangona umgubo ogqithisileyo osusiweyo kunye noomatshini abakhutshiweyo unokuphinda usetyenziswe, ukwenza njalo kunciphisa imveliso.
Izinto zokusebenza zeCarbide zinokwenziwa kusetyenziswa ii-extrusion dies okanye ii-injection dies. Inkqubo yokubumba i-extrusion ifanelekile ngakumbi ekuveliseni ngobuninzi ii-axisymmetric shape workpieces, ngelixa inkqubo yokubumba i-injection idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa ngobuninzi ii-complex shape workpieces. Kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokubumba, amanqanaba e-cemented carbide powder axhonywa kwi-organic binder enika ukuhambelana okufana ne-toothpaste kumxube we-cemented carbide. I-compound emva koko ikhutshwa ngomngxuma okanye ifakwe kwi-cavity ukuze yenziwe. Iimpawu zenqanaba le-cemented carbide powder zimisela umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-powder kwi-binder kumxube, kwaye zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuhambeni komxube ngomngxuma we-extrusion okanye ukufakwa kwi-cavity.
Emva kokuba umsebenzi wenziwe ngokubumba, ukucinezela nge-isostatic, ukukhuhla okanye ukufutha ngenaliti, i-organic binder kufuneka isuswe kwi-workpiece ngaphambi kwesigaba sokugqibela sokubumba. Ukubumba kususa imingxunya kwi-workpiece, okwenza ukuba ibe nkulu ngokupheleleyo (okanye kakhulu). Ngexesha lokubumba, i-metal bond kwi-workpiece eyenziwe ngoxinzelelo iba lulwelo, kodwa umsebenzi wenziwe ngokugcina imo yawo phantsi kwesenzo esidibeneyo se-capillary force kunye ne-particle linkage.
Emva kokusila, ijiyometri yesixhobo somsebenzi ihlala ifana, kodwa ubukhulu buyancitshiswa. Ukuze kufunyanwe ubungakanani besixhobo somsebenzi obufunekayo emva kokusila, izinga lokusila kufuneka liqwalaselwe xa kuyilwa isixhobo. Udidi lwepowder ye-carbide esetyenziselwa ukwenza isixhobo ngasinye kufuneka luyilwe ukuze lube nokusila okuchanekileyo xa luxinene phantsi koxinzelelo olufanelekileyo.
Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko, unyango emva kokusikwa kwesixhobo esisikiweyo luyafuneka. Unyango olusisiseko lwezixhobo zokusika kukulola umda wokusika. Izixhobo ezininzi zifuna ukugaywa kwejometri kunye nobukhulu bazo emva kokugaywa. Ezinye izixhobo zifuna ukugaywa okuphezulu nasezantsi; ezinye zifuna ukugaywa okungaphandle (nokuba kulola umda wokusika okanye ngaphandle kwawo). Zonke iitships ze-carbide ezivela ekugayweni zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Ukwaleka kwento yokusebenza
Kwiimeko ezininzi, umsebenzi ogqityiweyo kufuneka ugqunywe. Lo mgangatho unika ukutyeba kunye nokuqina okwandisiweyo, kunye nomqobo wokusasazwa kwi-substrate, ukuthintela i-oxidation xa ivezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. I-substrate ye-carbide eqinisiweyo ibalulekile ekusebenzeni komgangatho. Ukongeza ekulungiseni iipropati eziphambili zomgubo we-matrix, iipropati zomphezulu we-matrix zinokulungiswa ngokukhethwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokutshintsha indlela yokusila. Ngokufuduka kwe-cobalt, i-cobalt engaphezulu inokutyetyiswa kumaleko angaphandle womphezulu we-blade ngaphakathi kobukhulu be-20-30 μm xa kuthelekiswa nenxalenye yomsebenzi, ngaloo ndlela inika umphezulu we-substrate amandla angcono kunye nokuqina, okwenza ukuba imelane ngakumbi nokuguquguquka.
Ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo yabo yokuvelisa (njengendlela yokufunxa i-dewaxing, isantya sokufudumeza, ixesha lokufunxa, ubushushu kunye ne-carburizing voltage), umenzi wesixhobo unokuba neemfuno ezithile ezikhethekileyo zomgangatho we-carbide powder esamente esetyenzisiweyo. Abanye abenzi bezixhobo banokufunxa i-workpiece kwi-vacuum furnace, ngelixa abanye banokusebenzisa i-hot isostatic pressing (HIP) sintering furnace (ecinezela i-workpiece kufutshane nokuphela komjikelo wenkqubo ukususa naziphi na iintsalela) ii-pores). Ii-workpiece ezifunxa i-vacuum furnace nazo zinokufuna ukucinezelwa ngobushushu nge-isostatically ngenkqubo eyongezelelweyo yokwandisa uxinano lwe-workpiece. Abanye abavelisi bezixhobo banokusebenzisa amaqondo aphezulu e-vacuum sintering ukwandisa uxinano lwe-sintered yemixube enomxholo we-cobalt ophantsi, kodwa le ndlela inokwenza isakhiwo sayo sibe nzima. Ukuze kugcinwe ubungakanani bengqolowa entle, ii-powders ezinobukhulu obuncinci be-tungsten carbide zinokukhethwa. Ukuze kuhambelane nezixhobo ezithile zemveliso, iimeko ze-dewaxing kunye ne-carburizing voltage nazo zinemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomxholo we-carbon kwi-carbide powder esamente.
Ukuhlelwa kwamanqaku
Utshintsho oludibeneyo lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-tungsten carbide powder, umxube kunye nomxholo we-metal binder, uhlobo kunye nobungakanani be-grain growth inhibitor, njl.njl., zenza iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-carbide eziqinisiweyo. Ezi parameters ziya kumisela ulwakhiwo lwe-microcarbide eqinisiweyo kunye neempawu zayo. Ezinye iintlobo ezithile zeempawu ziye zaba yinto ephambili kwezinye izicelo ezithile zokucubungula, okwenza kube nentsingiselo ukwahlulahlula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-carbide eziqinisiweyo.
Iinkqubo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zokwahlulwa kwe-carbide kwizicelo zoomatshini yinkqubo yokwahlulwa kwe-C kunye nenkqubo yokwahlulwa kwe-ISO. Nangona kungekho nanye kwezi nkqubo ebonisa ngokupheleleyo iipropati zezinto ezichaphazela ukukhethwa kwamanqanaba e-carbide aqinisiweyo, zibonelela ngendawo yokuqala yengxoxo. Kuluhlu ngalunye, abavelisi abaninzi banemigangatho yabo ekhethekileyo, nto leyo ebangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zamanqanaba e-carbide.
Iiklasi zeCarbide nazo zingahlulwa ngokwendlela ezibunjwe ngayo. Iiklasi zeTungsten Carbide (WC) zingahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezisisiseko: ezilula, ezi-microcrystalline nezixutyiweyo. Iiklasi zeSimplex ziquka ikakhulu ii-tungsten Carbide kunye nee-cobalt Binders, kodwa zinokuba nezixa ezincinci zezithinteli zokukhula kwengqolowa. Iiklasi zeMicrocrystalline zenziwe yi-tungsten Carbide kunye ne-cobalt Binder ezongezwe ngee-vanadium Carbide (VC) kunye (okanye) ne-chromium Carbide (Cr3C2), kwaye ubungakanani bayo bengqolowa bunokufikelela kwi-1 μm okanye ngaphantsi. Iiklasi ze-alloy zenziwe yi-tungsten Carbide kunye nee-cobalt Binders eziqulethe i-titanium Carbide (TiC) ezimbalwa, i-tantalum Carbide (TaC), kunye ne-niobium Carbide (NbC). Ezi zongezo zikwaziwa njengee-cubic Carbides ngenxa yeempawu zazo zokusila. Isakhiwo esincinci esiphumayo sibonisa isakhiwo esingalinganiyo sezigaba ezintathu.
1) Amanqanaba e-carbide alula
Ezi klasi zokusika isinyithi zihlala ziqulathe i-cobalt eyi-3% ukuya kwi-12% (ngokobunzima). Uluhlu lobungakanani beenkozo ze-tungsten carbide ludla ngokuba phakathi kwe-1-8 μm. Njengakwezinye iiklasi, ukunciphisa ubungakanani beesuntswana ze-tungsten carbide kwandisa ubunzima bayo kunye namandla okuqhekeka okunqamlezileyo (TRS), kodwa kunciphisa ubunzima bayo. Ubunzima bohlobo olucocekileyo budla ngokuba phakathi kwe-HRA89-93.5; amandla okuqhekeka okunqamlezileyo adla ngokuba phakathi kwe-175-350ksi. Iipowuda zezi klasi zinokuba nezinto ezininzi ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Amabanga ohlobo olulula anokwahlulwa abe yi-C1-C4 kwinkqubo yebanga le-C, kwaye anokwahlulwa ngokweeklasi ze-K, N, S kunye ne-H kwinkqubo yebanga le-ISO. Amabanga e-Simplex aneempawu eziphakathi anokwahlulwa abe ngamabanga eenjongo ngokubanzi (njenge-C2 okanye i-K20) kwaye anokusetyenziselwa ukujika, ukugaya, ukuplanga kunye nokubhoboza; amabanga anobungakanani obuncinci bengqolowa okanye umxholo we-cobalt ophantsi kunye nobunzima obuphezulu anokwahlulwa abe ngamanqanaba okugqiba (njenge-C4 okanye i-K01); amabanga anobungakanani obukhulu bengqolowa okanye umxholo we-cobalt ophezulu kunye nokuqina okungcono anokwahlulwa abe ngamanqanaba okurhabaxa (njenge-C1 okanye i-K30).
Izixhobo ezenziwe ngeeklasi zeSimplex zingasetyenziselwa ukugaya isinyithi esityhidiweyo, intsimbi engagqwaliyo engama-200 kunye nama-300, i-aluminium kunye nezinye iintsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous, ii-superalloys kunye neentsimbi eziqinileyo. Ezi klasi zingasetyenziswa nakwizicelo zokusika ezingezizo isinyithi (umz. njengezixhobo zokubhola amatye kunye ne-geological), kwaye ezi klasi zinoluhlu lobukhulu beenkozo oluyi-1.5-10μm (okanye ngaphezulu) kunye nomxholo we-cobalt oyi-6%-16%. Olunye uhlobo lokusika olungezizo isinyithi olusetyenziswa kwiiklasi ze-carbide ezilula kukwenziwa kwee-dies kunye nee-punches. Ezi klasi zihlala zinobukhulu obuphakathi beenkozo ezinomxholo we-cobalt oyi-16%-30%.
(2) Amanqanaba e-carbide eqinisiweyo nge-microcrystalline
Ezi greyidi zihlala ziqulathe i-cobalt eyi-6%-15%. Ngexesha lokusila kwe-liquid phase, ukongezwa kwe-vanadium carbide kunye/okanye i-chromium carbide kunokulawula ukukhula kwengqolowa ukuze kufunyanwe isakhiwo sengqolowa esincinci esinobukhulu besuntswana obungaphantsi kwe-1 μm. Olu greyidi lunobunzima obuphezulu kakhulu kunye namandla okuqhekeka okunqamlezileyo angaphezu kwe-500ksi. Ukudibanisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okwaneleyo kuvumela la manqanaba ukuba asebenzise i-angle enkulu ye-rake, enciphisa amandla okusika kwaye ivelise iitships ezincinci ngokusika endaweni yokutyhala izinto zesinyithi.
Ngokuchonga ngokungqongqo umgangatho wezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikrwada ekuvelisweni kwamanqanaba e-carbide powder eqinisiweyo, kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zenkqubo yokusila ukuze kuthintelwe ukwakheka kweenkozo ezinkulu ngokungaqhelekanga kwisakhiwo sezinto, kunokwenzeka ukufumana iipropati ezifanelekileyo zezinto. Ukuze kugcinwe ubungakanani beenkozo buncinci kwaye bufana, i-powder ephinda isetyenziswe kufuneka isetyenziswe kuphela ukuba kukho ulawulo olupheleleyo lwezinto ezikrwada kunye nenkqubo yokubuyisela, kunye novavanyo olubanzi lomgangatho.
Amanqanaba e-microcrystalline anokuhlelwa ngokwee-series ze-M kwi-ISO grade system. Ukongeza, ezinye iindlela zokwahlulahlula kwi-C grade system nakwi-ISO grade system ziyafana namazinga acocekileyo. Amanqanaba e-Microcrystalline angasetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ezisika izinto ezithambileyo zomsebenzi, kuba umphezulu wesixhobo unokwenziwa ngomatshini uthambile kwaye unokugcina umda wokusika ubukhali kakhulu.
Ii-Microcrystalline grades nazo zingasetyenziselwa umatshini ii-superalloys ezisekelwe kwi-nickel, njengoko zinokumelana nobushushu bokusika obufikelela kwi-1200°C. Ekucutshungulweni kwee-superalloys kunye nezinye izinto ezikhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-microcrystalline grade kunye nezixhobo ze-pure grade eziqulethe i-ruthenium kunokuphucula ngaxeshanye ukumelana kwazo nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokuguquguquka kunye nokuqina. Ii-Microcrystalline grades nazo zifanelekile ekwenzeni izixhobo ezijikelezayo ezifana nee-drills ezivelisa uxinzelelo lwe-shear. Kukho i-drill eyenziwe ngee-composite grades ze-carbide efakwe isamente. Kwiindawo ezithile ze-drill efanayo, umxholo we-cobalt kwizinto uyahluka, ukuze ubunzima kunye nokuqina kwe-drill kuphuculwe ngokweemfuno zokucubungula.
(3) Amanqanaba e-carbide eqinisiweyo yohlobo lwe-alloy
Ezi greyidi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekusikeni iindawo zentsimbi, kwaye umxholo wazo we-cobalt uhlala uphakathi kwe-5%-10%, kwaye ubungakanani bengqolowa buqala kwi-0.8-2μm. Ngokongeza i-4%-25% ye-titanium carbide (TiC), ukuthambekela kwe-tungsten carbide (WC) yokusasaza kumphezulu weetships zentsimbi kunokunciphisa. Amandla esixhobo, ukumelana nokuguguleka kwe-crater kunye nokumelana nokutshayiswa kobushushu kunokuphuculwa ngokongeza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25% ye-tantalum carbide (TaC) kunye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Ukongezwa kwee-cubic carbides ezinjalo kwandisa ubunzima obomvu besixhobo, kunceda ukuphepha ukuguquguquka kobushushu besixhobo xa kusenziwa ukusika okunzima okanye eminye imisebenzi apho umda wokusika uya kuvelisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ukongeza, i-titanium carbide inokubonelela ngeendawo ze-nucleation ngexesha lokusila, iphucula ukufana kokusasazwa kwe-cubic carbide kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ngokubanzi, uluhlu lobunzima beeklasi ze-carbide eziqinisiweyo ze-alloy yi-HRA91-94, kwaye amandla okuqhekeka okunqamlezileyo yi-150-300ksi. Xa kuthelekiswa neeklasi ezicocekileyo, iiklasi ze-alloy zinokumelana nokuguguleka okubi kunye namandla aphantsi, kodwa zinokumelana ngcono nokuguguleka okunamathelayo. Iiklasi ze-alloy zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-C5-C8 kwinkqubo yeklasi ye-C, kwaye zinokwahlulwa ngokwe-P kunye ne-M series kwinkqubo yeklasi ye-ISO. Iiklasi ze-alloy ezineempawu eziphakathi zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiklasi zenjongo ngokubanzi (ezifana ne-C6 okanye i-P30) kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukujika, ukucofa, ukuplanga kunye nokusila. Iiklasi ezinzima zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiklasi zokugqiba (ezifana ne-C8 kunye ne-P01) zokugqiba ukujika kunye nemisebenzi yokudinwa. Ezi klasi zihlala zinobukhulu obuncinci bengqolowa kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-cobalt ukuze kufumaneke ubunzima obufunekayo kunye nokuguguleka. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu ezifanayo zezinto zinokufunyanwa ngokongeza ii-cubic carbides ezingaphezulu. Iiklasi ezinokuqina okuphezulu zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiklasi zokurhabaxa (umz. i-C5 okanye i-P50). Ezi greyidi zihlala zinobukhulu obuphakathi kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-cobalt, kunye nokongezwa okuncinci kwe-cubic carbides ukufezekisa ukuqina okufunekayo ngokuthintela ukukhula kweentanda. Kwimisebenzi yokujika ephazamisekileyo, ukusebenza kokusika kunokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa agreyidi atyebileyo e-cobalt akhankanywe apha ngasentla anomxholo ophezulu we-cobalt kumphezulu wesixhobo.
Iiklasi ze-alloy ezinomxholo ophantsi we-titanium carbide zisetyenziselwa ukugaya intsimbi engatyiwayo kunye nentsimbi ethambileyo, kodwa zingasetyenziselwa nokugaya iintsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous ezifana nee-superalloys ezisekelwe kwi-nickel. Ubungakanani beenkozo zezi klasi buhlala bungaphantsi kwe-1 μm, kwaye umxholo we-cobalt yi-8%-12%. Iiklasi ezinzima, ezifana ne-M10, zingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula intsimbi ethambileyo; iiklasi ezinzima, ezifana ne-M40, zingasetyenziselwa ukugaya nokucwangcisa intsimbi, okanye ukuguqula intsimbi engatyiwayo okanye ii-superalloys.
Iiklasi ze-carbide ezifakwe isamente zohlobo lwe-alloy zingasetyenziselwa neenjongo zokusika ezingezizo ezesinyithi, ikakhulu ekwenzeni iindawo ezingagugiyo. Ubungakanani beesuntswana zezi klasi budla ngokuba yi-1.2-2 μm, kwaye umxholo we-cobalt yi-7%-10%. Xa kuveliswa ezi klasi, ipesenti ephezulu yezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ezisetyenzisiweyo zihlala zongezwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iindleko zisebenze kakuhle kwiindawo ezigugiyo. Iinxalenye zokugugi zifuna ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kunye nobunzima obuphezulu, obunokufumaneka ngokongeza i-nickel kunye ne-chromium carbide xa kuveliswa ezi klasi.
Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zobugcisa nezoqoqosho zabavelisi bezixhobo, i-carbide powder yeyona nto iphambili. Iipowder ezenzelwe izixhobo zoomatshini zabavelisi bezixhobo kunye neeparamitha zenkqubo ziqinisekisa ukusebenza komsebenzi ogqityiweyo kwaye zibangele amakhulu eegreyidi ze-carbide. Uhlobo lwezinto ze-carbide ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza ngokuthe ngqo nabathengisi bepowder kuvumela abenzi bezixhobo ukuba balawule ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho wemveliso yabo kunye neendleko zezinto.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-18-2022
