I-Carbide yiklasi esetyenziswa kakhulu ye-high-speed machining (HSM) izixhobo zesixhobo, eziveliswa ngeenkqubo ze-metallurgy ze-powder kwaye ziquka i-carbide enzima (ngokuqhelekileyo i-tungsten carbide WC) kunye ne-softer metal bond composition. Okwangoku, kukho amakhulukhulu e-WC-based cemented carbides enezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, uninzi lwazo zisebenzisa i-cobalt (Co) njengesibophelelo, i-nickel (Ni) kunye ne-chromium (Cr) zikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo izinto zokubopha, kunye nezinye zinokongezwa. . ezinye izinto zokudibanisa. Kutheni kukho amabanga amaninzi e-carbide? Abavelisi bezixhobo bakhetha njani isixhobo esifanelekileyo somsebenzi wokusika? Ukuphendula le mibuzo, makhe siqale sijonge kwiipropathi ezahlukeneyo ezenza i-carbide enesamente ibe sisixhobo esifanelekileyo.
ubulukhuni kunye nokuqina
I-WC-Co cemented carbide ineenzuzo ezizodwa kuzo zombini ukuqina kunye nokuqina. I-Tungsten carbide (WC) ngokwemvelo inzima kakhulu (ngaphezu kwe-corundum okanye i-alumina), kwaye ubunzima bayo abufane bunciphe njengoko ubushushu bokusebenza bunyuka. Nangona kunjalo, ayinabo ukuqina okwaneleyo, ipropathi ebalulekileyo yezixhobo zokusika. Ukuze kuthathwe ithuba lobunzima obuphezulu be-tungsten carbide kunye nokuphucula ukuqina kwayo, abantu basebenzisa iibhondi zetsimbi ukubopha i-tungsten carbide kunye, ukuze le nto inobunzima obugqithise kakhulu kwintsimbi yesantya esiphezulu, ngelixa ikwazi ukumelana nokusika okuninzi. imisebenzi. amandla okusika. Ukongeza, inokumelana namaqondo okushisa aphezulu okusika okubangelwa kumatshini okhawulezayo.
Namhlanje, phantse zonke iimela ze-WC-Co kunye nokufakwa zifakwe, ngoko ke indima yezinto ezisisiseko ibonakala ingabalulekanga. Kodwa eneneni, yimodyuli ephezulu ye-elastic ye-WC-Co (umlinganiselo wokuqina, malunga nokuphindaphinda kathathu kwentsimbi yesantya esiphezulu kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi) ebonelela nge-substrate engaguqukiyo yokwaleka. I-WC-Co matrix ikwabonelela ngokuqina okufunekayo. Ezi zakhiwo ziyimpawu ezisisiseko ze-WC-Co izinto, kodwa izinto eziphathekayo zinokuthi zilungelelaniswe ngokulungelelanisa ukubunjwa kwezinto kunye ne-microstructure xa kuvelisa i-carbide powders. Ke ngoko, ukufaneleka kokusebenza kwesixhobo kumatshini othile kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo omkhulu kwinkqubo yokuqala yokusila.
Inkqubo yokugaya
I-tungsten carbide powder ifumaneka nge-carburizing tungsten (W) powder. Iimpawu ze-tungsten carbide powder (ingakumbi ubungakanani bayo be-particle) ubukhulu becala buxhomekeke kubukhulu be-particle ye-tungsten powder kunye nobushushu kunye nexesha le-carburization. Ukulawulwa kweekhemikhali kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye umxholo wekhabhoni kufuneka ugcinwe rhoqo (kufutshane nexabiso le-stoichiometric ye-6.13% ngesisindo). Inani elincinci le-vanadium kunye / okanye i-chromium lingongezwa ngaphambi kokuba unyango lwe-carburizing lulawule ubungakanani be-powder particle ngeenkqubo ezilandelayo. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo ephantsi komlambo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokuphela kokuphela kokusetyenziswa kufuna ukudibanisa okucacileyo kwe-tungsten carbide particle size, umxholo wekhabhoni, umxholo we-vanadium kunye nomxholo we-chromium, apho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-tungsten carbide powders zingaveliswa. Ngokomzekelo, i-ATI Alldyne, umenzi we-tungsten carbide powder, uvelisa amabakala angama-23 asemgangathweni we-tungsten carbide powder, kunye neentlobo ze-tungsten carbide powder ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokweemfuno zomsebenzisi zinokufikelela ngaphezu kwamaxesha ama-5 amabakala aqhelekileyo e-tungsten carbide powder.
Xa ukuxuba kunye nokugaya i-tungsten carbide powder kunye nebhondi yentsimbi ukuvelisa ibakala elithile le-samente ye-carbide powder, ukudibanisa okuhlukeneyo kungasetyenziswa. Umxholo we-cobalt osetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngu-3% - 25% (umlinganiselo wobunzima), kwaye kwimeko yokufuna ukunyusa ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion yesixhobo, kuyimfuneko yokongeza i-nickel kunye ne-chromium. Ukongezelela, ibhondi yensimbi ingaphuculwa ngakumbi ngokudibanisa ezinye iinqununu ze-alloy. Umzekelo, ukongeza i-ruthenium kwi-WC-Co cemented carbide inokuphucula kakhulu ukuqina kwayo ngaphandle kokunciphisa ukuqina kwayo. Ukwandisa umxholo we-binder kunokuphucula ukuqina kwe-cemented carbide, kodwa kuya kunciphisa ubunzima bayo.
Ukunciphisa ubungakanani be-tungsten carbide particles kunokunyusa ubunzima bezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa ubukhulu be-tungsten carbide kufuneka buhlale bufana ngexesha lenkqubo ye-sintering. Ngexesha le-sintering, i-tungsten carbide particles idibanisa kwaye ikhule ngenkqubo yokuchithwa kunye nokubuyisela kwakhona. Kwinkqubo ye-sintering eyiyo, ukwenzela ukuba kwenziwe izinto ezixineneyo ngokupheleleyo, ibhondi yesinyithi iba lulwelo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-liquid phase sintering). Izinga lokukhula kwe-tungsten carbide particles linokulawulwa ngokongeza ezinye ii-carbides zetsimbi zenguqu, kuquka i-vanadium carbide (VC), i-chromium carbide (Cr3C2), i-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), kunye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Ezi carbides zetsimbi zivame ukudityaniswa xa i-tungsten carbide powder ixutywe kwaye ixutywe ngebhondi yensimbi, nangona i-vanadium carbide kunye ne-chromium carbide nayo inokuqulunqwa xa i-tungsten carbide powder is carburized.
I-tungsten carbide powder nayo inokuveliswa ngokusebenzisa inkunkuma ehlaziyiweyo eyenziwe ngesamente imathiriyeli ye-carbide. Ukuhlaziywa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-scrap carbide kunembali ende kwishishini le-carbide ene-cemented kwaye liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yekhonkco yonke yezoqoqosho kwishishini, ekuncedeni ukunciphisa iindleko zezinto eziphathekayo, ukugcina izixhobo zendalo kunye nokuphepha izinto ezichithwayo. Ukulahlwa okuyingozi. I-Scrap cemented carbide ingaphinda isetyenziswe kwakhona yinkqubo ye-APT (ammonium paratungstate), inkqubo yokubuyisela i-zinc okanye ngokutyumza. Ezi "recycled" ze-tungsten carbide powders ngokubanzi zingcono, inxinaniso eqikelelwayo kuba inommandla omncinci womphezulu kune-tungsten carbide powders eyenziwe ngokuthe ngqo ngenkqubo ye-tungsten carburizing.
Iimeko zokucutshungulwa kokusila okuxutyiweyo kwe-tungsten carbide powder kunye nebhondi yentsimbi nazo zibalulekile iiparitha zenkqubo. Ezona ndlela zimbini zixhaphakileyo zisetyenziswa kukungqusha ibhola kunye ne-micromilling. Zombini iinkqubo zenza ukuxuba okufanayo kwee powders ezigayiweyo kunye nokunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana. Ukuze wenze i-workpiece ecinezelweyo kamva ibe namandla okwaneleyo, gcina imilo ye-workpiece, kwaye wenze ukuba umqhubi okanye i-manipulator ithathe i-workpiece ukuze isebenze, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko yokongeza i-binder yezinto eziphilayo ngexesha lokugaya. Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zolu bhondi kunokuchaphazela ubuninzi kunye namandla omsebenzi ocinezelweyo. Ukuququzelela ukuphatha, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ungeze izibophelelo eziphezulu zamandla, kodwa oku kubangela ukuxinana okuncinci kwaye kunokuvelisa izibonda ezinokubangela iziphene kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Emva kokusila, umgubo udla ngokutshizwa-yomiswe ukuze uvelise iiagglomerate ezihamba simahla ezibanjwa kunye zizibophelelo zendalo. Ngokulungelelanisa ukwakheka kwe-organic binder, ukuqukuqela kunye nokuxinana kwentlawulo kwezi agglomerate zinokulungelelaniswa njengoko zifunwa. Ngokujonga amasuntswana arhabaxa okanye acolekileyo, ubungakanani besuntswana losasazo lwe-agglomerate lunokulungiswa ngakumbi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba kakuhle xa kulayishwe kumgodi wokungunda.
Ukwenziwa kwezinto zokusebenza
I-Carbide workpieces inokusekwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu be-workpiece, inqanaba lobunzima bemilo, kunye nebhetshi yokuvelisa, uninzi lwezinto ezifakelwayo zokusika zibunjwa ngokusebenzisa i-top-and-bottom-pressure rigid dies. Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhambelana kobunzima be-workpiece kunye nobukhulu ngexesha loxinzelelo ngalunye, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba inani le powder (ubunzima kunye nomthamo) ogeleza kwi-cavity iyafana. I-fluidity yomgubo ilawulwa ikakhulu ngokusasazwa kobungakanani be-agglomerate kunye neempawu ze-organic binder. Izixhobo zokusebenza ezibunjiweyo (okanye "izinto ezingenanto") zenziwe ngokufaka uxinzelelo lokubumba lwe-10-80 ksi (iikhilogram ngeenyawo zesikwere) kumgubo olayishwe kwi-mold cavity.
Nangona phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu kakhulu lokubumba, i-tungsten carbide particles enzima ayiyi kuguqula okanye iphule, kodwa i-organic binder icinezelwe kwizithuba phakathi kweengqungquthela ze-tungsten carbide, ngaloo ndlela ilungisa indawo yeengqungquthela. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo, ukuqiniswa kwe-tungsten carbide particles kunye nobuninzi bokuxinana kwe-workpiece. Iimpawu zokubumba zamabakala e-cemented carbide powder zingahluka, kuxhomekeke kumxholo we-binder ye-metallic, ubungakanani kunye nokuma kwe-tungsten carbide particles, i-degree of agglomeration, kunye nokubunjwa kunye nokongezwa kwe-organic binder. Ukuze unikeze ulwazi lobungakanani malunga neempawu zokuxinwa kwamabakala e-carbide powders, ubudlelwane phakathi koxinaniso lokubumba kunye noxinzelelo lokubumba ngokuqhelekileyo luyilwe kwaye lwakhiwe ngumenzi we powder. Olu lwazi luqinisekisa ukuba umgubo onikezelweyo uyahambelana nenkqubo yokubumba yomenzi wesixhobo.
Izixhobo zokusebenza ze-carbide ezinobungakanani obukhulu okanye i-carbide workpieces ene-aspect ratios ephezulu (efana ne-shanks ye-end mill kunye ne-drill) ngokuqhelekileyo iveliswa ukusuka kumabanga axinzelelwe ngokufanayo omgubo we-carbide kwingxowa eguquguqukayo. Nangona umjikelo wemveliso yendlela yokucinezela elungeleleneyo ixesha elide kunendlela yokubumba, iindleko zokuvelisa isixhobo ziphantsi, ngoko ke le ndlela ifaneleka ngakumbi kwimveliso encinci yebhetshi.
Le ndlela yenkqubo ukubeka umgubo kwisikhwama, kwaye utywine umlomo wesikhwama, uze ubeke isikhwama esigcwele umgubo kwigumbi, kwaye usebenzise uxinzelelo lwe-30-60ksi ngokusebenzisa isixhobo se-hydraulic ukuze ucinezele. Izixhobo zokusebenza ezicinezelweyo zihlala zitshintshwa kwiijiyometri ezithile ngaphambi kokuntywila. Ubungakanani bengxowa yokwandiswa ukulungiselela ukucutheka kwesixhobo sokusebenza ngexesha lokuxinana kunye nokubonelela ngomda owaneleyo wokwenza imisebenzi yokusila. Ekubeni i-workpiece kufuneka iqhutywe emva kokucinezela, iimfuno zokuhambelana kokutshaja azikho ngqongqo njengalezo zendlela yokubumba, kodwa kusenqweneleka ukuqinisekisa ukuba umlinganiselo ofanayo wepowder ulayishwa kwisikhwama ngasinye. Ukuba ingxinano yokutshaja yomgubo incinci kakhulu, inokukhokelela kumgubo ongonelanga engxoweni, okukhokelela ekubeni i-workpiece ibe ncinci kakhulu kwaye kufuneka ichithwe. Ukuba ubuninzi bomthwalo wepowder buphezulu kakhulu, kwaye i-powder elayishwe kwisikhwama ininzi kakhulu, i-workpiece kufuneka icutshungulwe ukuze isuse ipowder emva kokuba icinezelwe. Nangona umgubo ogqithileyo ususiwe kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ezilahliweyo zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe, ukwenza oko kunciphisa imveliso.
Izixhobo zokusebenza zeCarbide zisenokwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-extrusion dies okanye iinaliti ziyafa. Inkqubo yokubumba i-extrusion ifaneleke ngakumbi kwimveliso yobuninzi be-axisymmetric shape workpieces, ngelixa inkqubo yokubumba i-injection idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kobunzima bemilo enzima yokusebenza. Kuzo zombini iinkqubo zokubumba, amabakala e-powder cemented carbide anqunyanyiswa kwi-binder ye-organic eyenza i-toothpaste-like consistency to the cemented carbide mix. Ikhompawundi ke iye ikhutshwe ngomngxuma okanye itofwe kumngxuma ukuze yenze. Iimpawu zebakala le-cemented carbide powder zinquma umlinganiselo ochanekileyo we powder kwi-binder kumxube, kwaye ube nefuthe elibalulekileyo ekuhambeni komxube nge-extrusion hole okanye i-injection kwi-cavity.
Emva kokuba i-workpiece yenziwe ngokubumba, i-isostatic pressing, i-extrusion okanye i-injection molding, i-binder ye-organic kufuneka isuswe kwi-workpiece phambi kwesigaba sokugqibela sokucoca. I-Sintering isusa i-porosity kwi-workpiece, iyenza ixinene ngokupheleleyo (okanye kakhulu). Ngexesha le-sintering, i-metal bond kwi-workpiece eyenziwe yi-press iba yi-liquid, kodwa i-workpiece igcina imilo yayo phantsi kwesenzo esidibeneyo se-capillary forces kunye ne-particle linkage.
Emva kwe-sintering, i-geometry yomsebenzi ihlala ifana, kodwa imilinganiselo iyancitshiswa. Ukuze ufumane ubungakanani obufunekayo bomsebenzi womsebenzi emva kwe-sintering, izinga lokunciphisa kufuneka liqwalaselwe xa kuyilwa isixhobo. Ibakala le-carbide powder elisetyenziselwa ukwenza isixhobo ngasinye kufuneka senziwe ukuba sibe ne-shrinkage echanekileyo xa ihlanganiswe phantsi koxinzelelo olufanelekileyo.
Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko, unyango lwe-post-sintering ye-workpiece ye-sintered iyafuneka. Unyango olusisiseko lwezixhobo zokusika kukulola umgca wokusika. Izixhobo ezininzi zifuna ukugaya ijometri kunye nemilinganiselo yazo emva kokucoca. Ezinye izixhobo zifuna ukugaya phezulu nasezantsi; ezinye zifuna ukuguba okujikelezayo (kunye okanye ngaphandle kokulola i-edge yokusika). Zonke iitshiphusi ze-carbide ezivela ekusileni zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe.
Ingubo yokusebenzela
Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-workpiece egqityiweyo kufuneka ifakwe. Ukugquma kunika i-lubricity kunye nobunzima obuninzi, kunye nomqobo wokusabalalisa kwi-substrate, ukuthintela i-oxidation xa ibonakaliswe kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu. I-substrate ye-carbide ene-cemented ibaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwengubo. Ngaphandle kokulungelelanisa iimpawu eziphambili ze-matrix powder, iipropati ezingaphezulu ze-matrix nazo ziyakwazi ukulungelelaniswa nokukhethwa kweekhemikhali kunye nokutshintsha indlela ye-sintering. Ngokufuduka kwe-cobalt, i-cobalt eyongezelelekileyo inokutyetyiswa kumaleko angaphandle omgangatho we-blade ngaphakathi kobunzima be-20-30 μm xa kuthelekiswa nawo wonke umsebenzi we-workpiece, ngaloo ndlela inika umphezulu we-substrate amandla angcono kunye nokuqina, kuyenza ibe ngaphezulu. ukumelana nokuguqulwa.
Ngokusekwe kwinkqubo yabo yokuvelisa (efana nendlela yokuthotywa, izinga lokufudumeza, ixesha lokutshisa, ubushushu kunye nombane we-carburizing), umenzi wesixhobo unokuba neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zomgangatho womgubo we-carbide osetyenzisiweyo. Abanye abenzi bezixhobo banokusinisa i-workpiece kwi-vacuum furnace, ngelixa abanye banokusebenzisa i-isostatic pressing eshushu (HIP) sintering furnace (ecinezela i-workpiece kufuphi nesiphelo somjikelo wenkqubo ukususa nayiphi na intsalela) i-pores). Izixhobo zokusebenza ezifakwe kwi-vacuum vacuum zisenokufuna ukuba shushu zicinezelwe nge-isostatically ngenkqubo eyongezelelweyo ukwandisa ukuxinana kwendawo yokusebenza. Abanye abavelisi bezixhobo banokusebenzisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu e-vacuum sintering ukunyusa ingxinano ye-sintered yemixube enomxholo ophantsi we-cobalt, kodwa le ndlela inokonyusa i-microstructure yabo. Ukuze kugcinwe ubungakanani obuziinkozo obulungileyo, iipowders ezinobungakanani obuncinci be-tungsten carbide zinokukhethwa. Ukuze kuhambelane nezixhobo ezithile zokuvelisa, iimeko zokuthotywa kwe-dewaxing kunye ne-voltage ye-carburizing nazo zineemfuno ezahlukeneyo zomxholo wekhabhoni kwi-carbide powder enesamente.
Ukuhlelwa kweBanga
Iinguqu ezidityanisiweyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-tungsten carbide powder, ukubunjwa komxube kunye nomxholo we-binder yensimbi, uhlobo kunye nesixa se-inhibitor yokukhula kwengqolowa, njl. Ezi parameters ziya kugqiba i-microstructure ye-carbide ene-cemented kunye neempawu zayo. Ezinye iindibaniselwano ezithile zeepropathi ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwezinye izicelo zokusetyenzwa, nto leyo eyenza kube nentsingiselo ukwahlula amabakala ahlukeneyo e-carbide.
Iinkqubo ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokuhlelwa kwe-carbide kwizicelo ze-machining yinkqubo yokutyunjwa kwe-C kunye nenkqubo yokutyunjwa kwe-ISO. Nangona kungekho nkqubo ibonisa ngokupheleleyo iipropati eziphathekayo ezichaphazela ukhetho lwamabakala e-carbide ene-cemented, zibonelela ngesiqalo sengxoxo. Kuluhlu ngalunye, abaninzi abavelisi banamabanga abo akhethekileyo, okukhokelela kwiindidi ezininzi ze-carbide.
Amabakala eCarbide nawo angahlelwa ngokubunjwa. Amabakala e-Tungsten carbide (WC) anokwahlulwa abe ziindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko: ezilula, i-microcrystalline kunye ne-alloyed. Amabakala e-Simplex abandakanya ngokuyintloko i-tungsten carbide kunye ne-cobalt binders, kodwa inokuqulatha ixabiso elincinci le-inhibitors yokukhula kwengqolowa. Ibakala le-microcrystalline liqulunqwe nge-tungsten carbide kunye ne-cobalt binder eyongeziweyo kunye namawaka amaninzi e-vanadium carbide (VC) kunye (okanye) i-chromium carbide (i-Cr3C2), kwaye ubungakanani bayo beenkozo bunokufikelela kwi-1 μm okanye ngaphantsi. Amanqanaba e-alloy aqulunqwe nge-tungsten carbide kunye ne-cobalt binders equkethe ipesenti ezimbalwa ze-titanium carbide (TiC), i-tantalum carbide (TaC), kunye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Ezi zongezo zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-cubic carbides ngenxa yeepropathi zazo zokuthambisa. Isiphumo se-microstructure sibonisa ubume besigaba sesithathu esingalinganiyo.
1) Amabakala e-carbide alula
Ezi bakala zokusika isinyithi zidla ngokuba ne-3% ukuya kwi-12% ye-cobalt (ngobunzima). Ubungakanani bobungakanani beenkozo ze-tungsten carbide ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-1-8 μm. Njengakwamanye amabakala, ukunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana e-tungsten carbide kwandisa ukuqina kwayo kunye namandla okuqhekeka okunqamlezayo (TRS), kodwa kunciphisa ukuqina kwayo. Ubunzima bohlobo olucocekileyo luhlala luphakathi kwe-HRA89-93.5; amandla ogqabhuko olunqamlezayo ludla ngokuba phakathi kwe-175-350ksi. Iipowuda zala mabakala zinokuqulatha izixa ezikhulu zemathiriyeli esetyenzisiweyo.
Uhlobo olulula lwamabakala lunokwahlulwa lube yi-C1-C4 kwinkqubo yebanga le-C, kwaye luyakwazi ukuhlelwa ngokwe-K, N, S kunye noluhlu lwe-H kwinkqubo yebakala le-ISO. Amabanga eSimplex aneempawu eziphakathi anokuthi ahlelwe njengamabanga enjongo jikelele (afana neC2 okanye i-K20) kwaye angasetyenziselwa ukujika, ukungqusha, ukucwangcisa nokukruqula; amabakala anobukhulu obuziinkozo obuncinci okanye umxholo ophantsi we-cobalt kunye nobunzima obuphezulu banokuhlelwa njengamabakala okugqiba (njenge-C4 okanye i-K01); amabanga anobukhulu obuziinkozo obukhulu okanye umxholo ophezulu we-cobalt kunye nokuqina okungcono kunokuhlelwa njengamabakala arhabaxa (afana ne-C1 okanye i-K30).
Izixhobo ezenziwe ngamabakala e-Simplex zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza i-machining cast iron, 200 kunye ne-300 series steel stainless steel, i-aluminium kunye nezinye izinyithi ezingenayo i-ferrous, i-superalloys kunye neentsimbi ezinzima. La mabanga anokusetyenziswa kwizicelo zokusika ezingezizo ezentsimbi (umz. njengezixhobo zokomba zamatye nezejoloji), kwaye la mabanga anobukhulu obuziinkozo obuyi-1.5-10μm (okanye enkulu) kunye nomxholo we-cobalt we-6% -16%. Olunye ukusetyenziswa kwe-non-metal ukusika amabakala alula e-carbide kukwenziwa kwee-dies and punches. La mabanga aqhele ukuba nobukhulu obuziinkozo obuphakathi kunye nomxholo we-cobalt we-16% -30%.
(2) I-Microcrystalline cemented carbide amabakala
Amabakala anjalo adla ngokuba ne-6% -15% cobalt. Ngexesha lokucoca i-liquid phase sintering, ukongezwa kwe-vanadium carbide kunye / okanye i-chromium carbide inokulawula ukukhula okuziinkozo ukuze kufumaneke ukwakheka kweenkozo ezintle kunye nobukhulu beqhekeza elingaphantsi kwe-1 μm. Eli bakala licolekileyo linobunzima obuphezulu kakhulu kunye namandla anqamlezayo aqhekeza ngaphezu kwe-500ksi. Ukudityaniswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okwaneleyo kuvumela la mabanga ukuba asebenzise i-angle ye-rake enkulu, enciphisa amandla okusika kwaye ivelise iitshiphusi ezincinci ngokusika kunokutyhala izinto zetsimbi.
Ngokuchongwa okungqongqo komgangatho wezinto ezahlukeneyo ekrwada ekuvelisweni kwamabanga e-carbide powder, kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lweemeko zenkqubo ye-sintering ukuthintela ukubunjwa kweenkozo ezinkulu ngokungaqhelekanga kwi-microstructure yezinto eziphathekayo, kunokwenzeka ukufumana iipropati eziphathekayo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuze ugcine ubungakanani obuziinkozo buncinci kwaye bufana, umgubo ohlaziyiweyo kufuneka usetyenziswe kuphela ukuba kukho ulawulo olupheleleyo lwezinto eziluhlaza kunye nenkqubo yokubuyisela, kunye novavanyo olubanzi lomgangatho.
Amabakala e-microcrystalline angahlelwa ngokwe-M grade series kwi-ISO grade system. Ukongeza, ezinye iindlela zokuhlela kwi-C grade system kunye ne-ISO grade system ziyafana namabanga acocekileyo. Amabakala eMicrocrystalline angasetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ezisika izixhobo zokusebenza ezithambileyo, kuba umphezulu wesixhobo unomatshini ogudileyo kwaye unokugcina ubukhali obubukhali kakhulu.
Amanqanaba e-Microcrystalline angasetyenziselwa ukutshiza i-nickel-based superalloys, njengoko ekwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu okusika ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1200°C. Ukusetyenzwa kwe-superalloys kunye nezinye izinto ezikhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zebakala le-microcrystalline kunye nezixhobo zebakala ezicocekileyo eziqulethe i-ruthenium kunokuphucula ngaxeshanye ukuxhathisa ukunxiba, ukuxhathisa ukuguquka kunye nokuqina. Amabakala e-Microcrystalline nawo afanelekile ukwenziwa kwezixhobo ezijikelezayo ezifana ne-drills eyenza uxinzelelo lwe-chear. Kukho i-drill eyenziwe ngamabakala adibeneyo e-carbide enesamente. Kwiindawo ezithile ze-drill efanayo, umxholo we-cobalt kwizinto eziphathekayo uyahluka, ukwenzela ukuba ubunzima kunye nokuqina kwe-drill kulungiswe ngokwezidingo zokucubungula.
(3) Uhlobo lwe-alloy ye-cemented carbide amabakala
Ezi zigaba zisetyenziselwa ukusika iinxalenye zetsimbi, kwaye umxholo wabo we-cobalt udla ngo-5% -10%, kwaye ubukhulu bengqolowa buvela kwi-0.8-2μm. Ngokongeza i-4% -25% ye-titanium carbide (TiC), ukuthambekela kwe-tungsten carbide (WC) ukusabalalisa kumphezulu weentsimbi zetsimbi kunokunciphisa. Amandla esixhobo, ukuxhathisa kokunxiba kwe-crater kunye nokuxhathisa ukothuka kwe-thermal kunokuphuculwa ngokudibanisa ukuya kuma-25% e-tantalum carbide (TaC) kunye ne-niobium carbide (NbC). Ukongezwa kwe-cubic carbides enjalo kwandisa ubulukhuni obubomvu besixhobo, kunceda ukuphepha ukuguqulwa kwe-thermal yesixhobo ekusikeni okunzima okanye eminye imisebenzi apho umgca wokusika uya kuvelisa ukushisa okuphezulu. Ukongezelela, i-titanium carbide inokubonelela ngeendawo ze-nucleation ngexesha lokucoca, ukuphucula ukufana kwe-cubic carbide yokusabalalisa kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, uluhlu lobunzima be-alloy-type cemented carbide grade yi-HRA91-94, kunye namandla okuqhekeza okunqamlezayo yi-150-300ksi. Xa kuthelekiswa namabakala asulungekileyo, amabakala e-alloy anoxhathiso olulambathayo kunye namandla asezantsi, kodwa anokumelana ngcono nokunxiba okuncamathelayo. Amabakala e-alloy anokwahlulwa abe yi-C5-C8 kwinkqubo yodidi lwe-C, kwaye anokwahlulwa ngokoluhlu lwe-P kunye ne-M kwi-ISO grade system. Amabakala e-alloy aneempawu eziphakathi angahlelwa njengamabakala enjongo ngokubanzi (njenge-C6 okanye i-P30) kwaye angasetyenziselwa ukujika, ukucofa, ukucwangcisa kunye nokugaya. Awona mabanga anzima anokuthi ahlelwe njengamabanga okugqiba (afana ne-C8 kunye ne-P01) ukugqiba ukujika kunye nemisebenzi ekruqulayo. La mabanga aqhele ukuba neesayizi ezincinci zengqolowa kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-cobalt ukufumana ubunzima obufunekayo kunye nokumelana nokunxiba. Nangona kunjalo, iipropathi zezinto ezifanayo zinokufumaneka ngokongeza i-cubic carbides. Amabanga anzima kakhulu anokuthi ahlelwe njengamabanga arhabaxa (umz. C5 okanye P50). La mabanga aqhele ukuba nobukhulu obuziinkozo obuphakathi kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-cobalt, kunye nezongezo eziphantsi ze-cubic carbides ukufezekisa ukuqina okufunayo ngokuthintela ukukhula kokuqhekeka. Kwimisebenzi yokuguqula ephazamisekileyo, ukusebenza kokusika kungaphuculwa ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa amabakala atyebileyo e-cobalt akhankanywe ngasentla kunye nomxholo ophezulu we-cobalt kwindawo yesixhobo.
Amanqanaba e-alloy ane-titanium carbide ephantsi asetyenziselwa ukwenza isinyithi esingenasici kunye nentsimbi ethambileyo, kodwa ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza iintsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous ezifana ne-nickel-based superalloys. Ubungakanani beenkozo kula mabanga ngokuqhelekileyo bungaphantsi kwe-1 μm, kwaye umxholo we-cobalt ngu-8% -12%. Amabanga anzima ngakumbi, anjenge-M10, anokusetyenziswa ekujikeni intsimbi ethambileyo; amabakala aqina ngakumbi, afana ne-M40, angasetyenziselwa ukugaya kunye nentsimbi yokucwangcisa, okanye ukuguqula insimbi engenasici okanye i-superalloys.
I-alloy-type cemented carbide grade zingasetyenziselwa iinjongo zokusika ezingezona zentsimbi, ngokukodwa ukuveliswa kweengxenye zokunxiba. Ubungakanani bamasuntswana ala mabanga budla ngokuba ngu-1.2-2 μm, kwaye umxholo we-cobalt ngu-7% -10%. Xa kuveliswa la mabanga, ipesenti ephezulu yezinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ekrwada idla ngokudityaniswa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwindleko ephezulu yokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezixhobo zokusebenza. Iindawo zokunxiba zifuna ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kokubola kunye nobunzima obuphezulu, obunokufumaneka ngokudibanisa i-nickel kunye ne-chromium carbide xa uvelisa la mabanga.
Ukuze uhlangabezane neemfuno zobugcisa kunye nezoqoqosho zabenzi bezixhobo, i-carbide powder yinto ephambili. Iipowda ezilungiselelwe izixhobo zokuvelisa izixhobo kunye neeparitha zenkqubo ziqinisekisa ukusebenza komsebenzi ogqityiweyo kwaye kubangele amakhulu amabakala e-carbide. Ubume obunokuphinda busetyenziswe kwizinto ze-carbide kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza ngokuthe ngqo kunye nabanikezeli be-powder kuvumela abenzi bezixhobo ukuba balawule ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho wemveliso kunye neendleko zempahla.
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-18-2022
